Fecal Sludge and Septage Management (FSSM)


 Why FSSM is so Important:- 

To eradicate open defecation from both rural and urban India, Swachh  Bharat Mission was launched by Government of India on 2nd October  2014. The focus of the mission was to construct toilet for safe containment of  FS and subsequent treatment of the sludge through treatment plants to  protect human health and environment. Large number of household and public toilets were constructed in the  purview of the mission. In the events of septic tanks or pit latrines become full, and  the sludge is largely discharged untreated into open drains, irrigation  fields, open lands or surface waters due to lack of infrastructure &  enforcement of laws. To address latter issue, Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban  Transformation (AMRUT) was launched to provide sewerage facilities  and septage management process across the country. In a view to manage FS in an environmentally safe & sustainable  manner, the Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs MoHUA), GOI,  promulgated the National Faecal Sludge and Septage Management  Policy in 2017. As a consequence, several FSTPs have been setup in different locations  of India and some of them are in installation phase.

Different Approaches of FS Treatment

In absence of sewerage system Fecal Sludge is treated through diverse  technologies adopted in various FSTPs. In cities where STP exists for treatment of sewage water, Faecal  Sludge may be processed through co-treatment. In many locations, FSTP is constructed adjacent to the pre-existing STP  where liquid fraction is treated with sewage water after solid-liquid  separation in FSTP.

Configuration of FSTP Technologies

  • Decentralized Wastewater Treatment System (DEWATS or DWWTs) with  Settler cum Thickener, ABR with AF & PGF but without Tertiary  Treatment (Location: Odisha's FSTP)
  • DEWATS with Stabilization Reactor, Unplanted Sludge Drying Bed  (USDB), ABR with AF & PGF with Tertiary Treatment (Location:  Dhenkanal FSTP)
  • DEWATS with Planted Sludge Drying Bed (PSDB) with Integrated Settler,  Anaerobic Filter & PGF (Location: Jhansi FSTP)
  • DEWATS with Unplanted Sludge Drying Bed (USDB) & PGF but without  ABR (Location: Karunguzhi FSTP)
  • DEWATS with Planted Sludge Drying Bed (PSDB) & PGF but without  ABR (Location: Leh, Ketty & Adigaritty FSTP)
  • Screw Press Technology for solid-liquid separation followed by DEWATS  with Integrated Settler, ABR, Anaerobic Filter, PGF and Tertiary  Treatment (Location: Unnao FSTP)
  • Solid-liquid separation in Dewatering process followed by drying of  solid sludge & then Pyrolysis to Biochar; wastewater treatment in  Package STP followed by Tertiary Treatment (Location: Warangal FSTP)
  • MBBR (Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor) Technology with tube settler &  clarifier and Carbon & Sand Filter followed by Chlorine dosing (Location:  Tenali FSTP
  • Anaerobic digestion followed by Tiger Biofilter Technology with Tertiary  Treatment (Location: Kalpetta FSTP)
  • Mobile Treatment Unit with Tertiary Treatment (Location: Punjab)

Type of Sludge

Physical & Chemical Characteristics of Septage

Characteristics of Faecal Sludge

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